Transport
Minimum connection times
Airlines publish minimum connection times (MCT) for protected connections on one ticket — usually 45–90 minutes domestic and 90–120+ minutes international. Self-transfer bookings (two separate tickets) need more buffer: collect bags, immigrate, re-check in, and pass security again. Budget three to four hours minimum for international self-transfers.
Last updated 2026-08-05
On one ticket
- Same terminal, same airline — shortest MCT often works if first flight is on time.
- Terminal change or immigration — add 30–60 minutes beyond airline minimum.
- Peak summer and holidays — queues grow; earlier flight beats tight connection.
- If the delay is airline fault, they rebook you — not guaranteed on separate tickets.
Self-transfer risk
Budget itineraries that combine low-cost carriers on separate bookings leave you uninsured against missed connections. Miss the second flight and you buy a new ticket. Only book tight self-transfers if a later same-day backup exists or you can stay overnight.
Long layovers
Six to ten hours can work for a city preview if visa rules allow leaving the airport — see our long layover guide. Under 90 minutes after immigration is stressful in mega-hubs.
More transport guides
Airport security — liquids, laptops, and queues
Prepare before the belt: liquids in one transparent liter bag, laptops and large electronics out unless TSA Pre or equivalent, empty pockets, belt and watch off. Wear slip-on shoes if you must remove them. Power banks stay in carry-on — never checked. Rules differ slightly by country; follow posted signs at departure airport, not last trip’s habits.
Border crossings — passports, queues, and land borders
At any border, have passport ready, know visa rules for your nationality, declare goods that require it, and answer questions briefly and honestly. Land borders can take minutes or hours — build slack into same-day connections. Never carry items for strangers; customs rules are your responsibility regardless of what someone told you at the market.
Domestic flights vs trains between cities
Fly domestic when distance exceeds roughly five hundred kilometers and train time exceeds half a day — but count airport transfers and two-hour check-in buffers, not just flight minutes. Trains win city-center to city-center on routes with high-speed service, generous bag allowance, and stable schedules. Price spikes on last-minute flights; trains sometimes sell out on holiday weekends too.
Ferries and island hopping
Island trips hinge on ferry schedules — book high-speed or car ferries ahead in peak season, arrive at port early, and keep one buffer day between islands for weather delays. Motion sickness meds work best taken before boarding; outdoor deck space beats enclosed air conditioning for nausea. Pack a day bag for the crossing; large suitcases go in hold on vehicle ferries.
Long airport layovers — how to use the time
On a layover under four hours, stay airside and stay near your gate. Four to eight hours with visa-free landside access can justify a quick city trip if immigration is fast and you have buffer. Overnight layovers need a sleep plan — lounge, airport hotel, or quiet zone — and never gamble on a tight connection after a self-guided excursion.
Lost or delayed luggage — what to do
If your bag does not arrive on the carousel, go to the airline baggage desk before leaving the secure area — file a Property Irregularity Report (PIR), keep the reference number, and list contents for insurance. Most delayed bags reunite within one to three days; carry-on essentials exist precisely for this scenario.
Apply this on your trip
Planning guidance only — not legal, medical, or booking advice. Verify entry rules, insurance terms, and prices on official or partner sites before you travel.